AND

The logical AND numerical operator compares two values in respect of their bits. If both bits at a certain position in both values are set, then that bit position is set in the result.

Syntax

result = firstvalue AND secondvalue

Description

• AND compares the bits of the firstvalue against the bits of the secondvalue, the result is stored in the result variable.
• If both bits are on (1) then the result is on (1).
• All other conditions return 0 (bit is off).
• AND is often used to see if a bit is on by comparing a value to an exponent of 2.
• Can turn off a bit by subtracting the bit on value from 255 and using that value to AND a byte value.

Table 4: The logical operations and its results. In this table, A and B are the Expressions to invert or combine. Both may be results of former Boolean evaluations. ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Logical Operations │ ├───────┬───────┬───────┬─────────┬────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┤ │ A │ B │ NOT B │ A AND B │ A OR B │ A XOR B │ A EQV B │ A IMP B │ ├───────┼───────┼───────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │ true │ true │ false │ true │ true │ false │ true │ true │ ├───────┼───────┼───────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │ true │ false │ true │ false │ true │ true │ false │ false │ ├───────┼───────┼───────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │ false │ true │ false │ false │ true │ true │ false │ true │ ├───────┼───────┼───────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │ false │ false │ true │ false │ false │ false │ true │ true │ └───────┴───────┴───────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ Note: In most BASIC languages incl. QB64 these are bitwise operations, hence the logic is performed for each corresponding bit in both operators, where true or false indicates whether a bit is set or not set. The outcome of each bit is then placed into the respective position to build the bit pattern of the final result value. As all Relational Operations return negative one (-1, all bits set) for true and zero (0, no bits set) for false, this allows us to use these bitwise logical operations to invert or combine any relational checks, as the outcome is the same for each bit and so always results into a true (-1) or false (0) again for further evaluations.

Examples

Example 1:

101 AND 011 ----- 001

The 101 bit pattern equals 5 and the 011 bit pattern equals 3, it returns the bit pattern 001 which equals 1. Only the Least Significant Bits (LSB) match. So decimal values 5 AND 3 = 1.

Example 2:

11111011 AND 11101111 ---------- 11101011

Both bits have to be set for the resulting bit to be set. You can use the AND operator to get one byte of a two byte integer this way:

firstbyte = twobyteint AND 255

Since 255 is 11111111 in binary, it will represent the first byte completely when compared with AND.

To find the second (HI) byte's decimal value of two byte INTEGERs use: secondbyte = twobyteint \ 256

Example 3: Finding the binary bits on in an INTEGER value.

DO INPUT "Enter Integer value from -32768 to 32767 (Enter quits): ", INTvalue& IF INTvalue& < -32768 OR INTvalue& > 32767 OR INTval& = 0 THEN EXIT DO FOR exponent = 15 TO 0 STEP -1 IF (INTvalue& AND 2 ^ exponent) THEN PRINT "1"; ELSE PRINT "0"; NEXT PRINT " " LOOP UNTIL INTvalue& = 0 'zero entry quits

Example output for 6055.

0001011110100111

Note: The value of 32767 sets 15 bits. -1 sets all 16 bits. Negative values will all have the highest bit set. Use LONG variables for input values to prevent overflow errors.

See also

• OR, XOR, NOT (logical operators)
• AND (boolean)
• Binary, Boolean

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