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a simple menu system (works)
#1
Here's a menu system I developed for use in various programs. 
It works, but I put it in WIP because there are some things I want to tweak, make easier to customize, etc. 

Code: (Select All)
_Title "SimpleMenu"

' DESCRIPTION:
' Just a simple menu that displays choices in text, along with description,
' and lets the user navigate them with the cursor and page up/down keys.

' HOW TO USE:
' 1. Add your menu choices to the section:
'    BEGIN ADD YOUR CUSTOM MENU ITEMS HERE
' 2. Add your code to the section:
'    BEGIN YOUR CODE THAT THE MENU RUNS GOES HERE

' CHANGE LOG:
' Date         Who                What
' 01/26/2022   madscijr           added friendlier menu system to "qb64_sound_examples_2-00.bas"
' 07/28/2022   madscijr           stripped out the menu code into its own library (this)

' ################################################################################################################################################################
' #CONSTANTS = GLOBAL CONSTANTS

' BOOLEAN VALUES
Const FALSE = 0
Const TRUE = Not FALSE

' ################################################################################################################################################################
' #UDT #TYPES = USER DEFINED TYPES

' UDT TO HOLD THE INFO FOR A GAME CONTROLLER
Type MenuType
    Choice As String
    Info As String
End Type ' MenuType

' ################################################################################################################################################################
' #VARS = GLOBAL VARIABLES

' ENABLE / DISABLE DEBUG CONSOLE
Dim Shared m_bTesting As Integer: m_bTesting = TRUE

' BASIC PROGRAM METADATA
Dim Shared m_ProgramPath$: m_ProgramPath$ = Left$(Command$(0), _InStrRev(Command$(0), "\"))
Dim Shared m_ProgramName$: m_ProgramName$ = Mid$(Command$(0), _InStrRev(Command$(0), "\") + 1)
Dim Shared m_VersionInfo$: m_VersionInfo$ = "1.00"

' FOR MENU
ReDim Shared m_arrMenu(-1) As MenuType

' =============================================================================
' LOCAL VARIABLES
Dim in$

' ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************
' ACTIVATE DEBUGGING WINDOW
If m_bTesting = TRUE Then
    $Console
    _Delay 4
    _Console On
    _Echo "Started " + m_ProgramName$
    _Echo "Debugging on..."
End If
' ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************

' =============================================================================
' START THE MAIN ROUTINE
main

' =============================================================================
' FINISH
Screen 0
Print m_ProgramName$ + " finished."
Input "Press <ENTER> to continue", in$

' ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************
' DEACTIVATE DEBUGGING WINDOW
If m_bTesting = TRUE Then
    _Console Off
End If
' ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************

System ' return control to the operating system
End

' ################################################################################################################################################################
' BEGIN ADD YOUR CUSTOM MENU ITEMS HERE
' ################################################################################################################################################################

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sub InitializeGlobal
    ' *****************************************************************************
    ' *** BEGIN ADD YOUR MENU CHOICES HERE ****************************************

    AddNextMenuItem "Choice A", "Option A uses code 65 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice B", "Option B uses code 66 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice C", "Option C uses code 67 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice D", "Option D uses code 68 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice E", "Option E uses code 69 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice F", "Option F uses code 70 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice G", "Option G uses code 71 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice H", "Option H uses code 72 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice I", "Option I uses code 73 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice J", "Option J uses code 74 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice K", "Option K uses code 75 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice L", "Option L uses code 76 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice M", "Option M uses code 77 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice N", "Option N uses code 78 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice O", "Option O uses code 79 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice P", "Option P uses code 80 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice Q", "Option Q uses code 81 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice R", "Option R uses code 82 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice S", "Option S uses code 83 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice T", "Option T uses code 84 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice U", "Option U uses code 85 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice V", "Option V uses code 86 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice W", "Option W uses code 87 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice X", "Option X uses code 88 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice Y", "Option Y uses code 89 to do its thing."
    AddNextMenuItem "Choice Z", "Option Z uses code 90 to do its thing."

    ' *** END ADD YOUR MENU CHOICES HERE ******************************************
    ' *****************************************************************************
End Sub ' InitializeGlobal

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sub DoMenuItem (iMenuPos As Integer)
    Dim in$
    ClearKeyboard 3
    in$ = m_arrMenu(iMenuPos).Choice
    If in$ = "" Then ' (DO NOTHING)

        ' *****************************************************************************
        ' *** BEGIN ADD YOUR MENU CHOICES AND WHAT CODE RUNS HERE *********************

    ElseIf in$ = "Choice A" Then TestRoutineChoiceA: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice B" Then TestRoutineChoiceB: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice C" Then TestRoutineChoiceC: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice D" Then TestRoutineChoiceD: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice E" Then TestRoutineChoiceE: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice F" Then TestRoutineChoiceF: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice G" Then TestRoutineChoiceG: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice H" Then TestRoutineChoiceH: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice I" Then TestRoutineChoiceI: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice J" Then TestRoutineChoiceJ: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice K" Then TestRoutineChoiceK: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice L" Then TestRoutineChoiceL: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice M" Then TestRoutineChoiceM: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice N" Then TestRoutineChoiceN: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice O" Then TestRoutineChoiceO: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice P" Then TestRoutineChoiceP: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice Q" Then TestRoutineChoiceQ: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice R" Then TestRoutineChoiceR: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice S" Then TestRoutineChoiceS: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice T" Then TestRoutineChoiceT: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice U" Then TestRoutineChoiceU: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice V" Then TestRoutineChoiceV: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice W" Then TestRoutineChoiceW: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice X" Then TestRoutineChoiceX: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice Y" Then TestRoutineChoiceY: ClearKeyboard 3
    ElseIf in$ = "Choice Z" Then TestRoutineChoiceZ: ClearKeyboard 3

        ' *** END ADD YOUR MENU CHOICES AND WHAT CODE RUNS HERE ***********************
        ' *****************************************************************************

    Else
        ' (DO NOTHING)
    End If
End Sub ' DoMenuItem

' ################################################################################################################################################################
' END ADD YOUR CUSTOM MENU ITEMS HERE
' ################################################################################################################################################################

' ################################################################################################################################################################
' BEGIN YOUR CODE THAT THE MENU RUNS GOES HERE
' ################################################################################################################################################################

Sub TestRoutineChoiceA
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceA"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceA

Sub TestRoutineChoiceB
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceB"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceB

Sub TestRoutineChoiceC
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceC"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceC

Sub TestRoutineChoiceD
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceD"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceD

Sub TestRoutineChoiceE
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceE"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceE

Sub TestRoutineChoiceF
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceF"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceF

Sub TestRoutineChoiceG
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceG"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceG

Sub TestRoutineChoiceH
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceH"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceH

Sub TestRoutineChoiceI
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceI"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceI

Sub TestRoutineChoiceJ
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceJ"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceJ

Sub TestRoutineChoiceK
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceK"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceK

Sub TestRoutineChoiceL
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceL"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceL

Sub TestRoutineChoiceM
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceM"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceM

Sub TestRoutineChoiceN
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceN"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceN

Sub TestRoutineChoiceO
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceO"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceO

Sub TestRoutineChoiceP
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceP"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceP

Sub TestRoutineChoiceQ
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceQ"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceQ

Sub TestRoutineChoiceR
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceR"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceR

Sub TestRoutineChoiceS
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceS"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceS

Sub TestRoutineChoiceT
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceT"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceT

Sub TestRoutineChoiceU
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceU"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceU

Sub TestRoutineChoiceV
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceV"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceV

Sub TestRoutineChoiceW
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceW"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceW

Sub TestRoutineChoiceX
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceX"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceX

Sub TestRoutineChoiceY
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceY"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceY

Sub TestRoutineChoiceZ
    Dim in$
    Cls
    Print "This is TestRoutineChoiceZ"
    Input "PRESS ENTER TO RETURN TO MENU"; in$
End Sub ' TestRoutineChoiceZ

' ################################################################################################################################################################
' END YOUR CODE THAT THE MENU RUNS GOES HERE
' ################################################################################################################################################################

' ################################################################################################################################################################
' BEGIN GENERIC MENU CODE
' ################################################################################################################################################################

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' TODO: remove unused variables
' TODO: use _Height(0) to automatically set height iMenuSize and iInfoSize
' TODO: use variables to make it easy to change placement and layout of title/instructions/description
' DONE: use _Width(0) to automatically limit # of text columns

Sub main
    Dim RoutineName As String: RoutineName = "main"
    Dim sResult As String
    Dim sFileName As String
    Dim vbCrLf As String: vbCrLf = Chr$(10) + Chr$(13)
    Dim vbCr As String: vbCr = Chr$(13)
    Dim vbLf As String: vbLf = Chr$(10)
    Dim vbTab As String: vbTab = Chr$(9)
    Dim quot As String: quot = Chr$(34)
    Dim sTemp As String
    Dim sTempHR As String: sTempHR = "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"
    Dim sOut As String
    Dim sComment As String
    Dim sError As String
    Dim bFinished As Integer
    Dim bAppend As Integer
    Dim iMenuSize As Integer ' how many items to display on screen
    Dim iMenuPos As Integer ' where in the list we are
    Dim iMenuStart As Integer ' first item to display on the list
    Dim iMenuEnd As Integer ' last item to display on the list
    Dim iMenuLoop As Integer
    Dim iStartRow As Integer
    Dim iRow As Integer
    Dim iCol As Integer
    Dim iColCount As Integer
    Dim iRowCount As Integer
    Dim iLastKey As Integer
    Dim iPageSize As Integer
    Dim iNudgeSize As Integer ' when cursor reaches bottom or top, how many lines to scroll
    Dim bMoved As Integer
    Dim bInitPage As Integer
    Dim bInitInfo As Integer
    Dim in$
    ReDim arrInfo(-1) As String
    Dim sInfoDelim As String: sInfoDelim = "\n"
    Dim iInfoRow As Integer
    Dim iInfoSize As Integer
    Dim iNextRow As Integer
    'Dim iLastInfoRow As Integer
    Dim iBackColor~&: iBackColor~& = cBlack
    Dim iTitleFgColor~&: iTitleFgColor~& = cBlack
    Dim iTitleBgColor~&: iTitleBgColor~& = cDodgerBlue
    Dim iInstructColor~&: iInstructColor~& = cCyan
    Dim iMenuColor~&: iMenuColor~& = cWhite
    Dim iRunColor~&: iRunColor~& = cYellow
    Dim iInfoColor~&: iInfoColor~& = cSilver
    Dim iMaxColumns As Integer
    Dim iIndex As Integer

    ' SET UP SCREEN
    ' MAKE SCREEN BIG TO FIT A LOT OF TEXT: 1024x768=128cols,48rows and 1280x1024=160cols,64rows
    Screen _NewImage(1024, 768, 32): _ScreenMove 0, 0

    ' INITIALIZE
    Cls
    Print "Initializing..."
    InitializeGlobal

    iRowCount = _Height(0) \ _FontHeight
    iColCount = _Width(0) \ _FontWidth

    iMenuSize = 20
    iNudgeSize = iMenuSize \ 2
    iPageSize = iMenuSize - iNudgeSize
    iMenuPos = LBound(m_arrMenu)
    iMenuStart = iMenuPos
    iMaxColumns = iColCount - 1
    'sFileName = m_ProgramPath$ + Left$(m_ProgramName$, Len(m_ProgramName$) - 4) + ".txt"
    iStartRow = 7
    iInfoRow = iMenuSize + 10
    iInfoSize = 10

    ' MAIN MENU
    bInitPage = TRUE
    bInitInfo = TRUE
    iLastKey = 0
    bMoved = TRUE
    bFinished = FALSE
    Do
        ' SHOW INSTRUCTIONS
        If bInitPage = TRUE Then
            Cls , iBackColor~& ' makes the background opaque black
            Color iTitleFgColor~&, iTitleBgColor~&
            PrintString 0, 0, "SimpleMenu"

            Color iInstructColor~&, iBackColor~&
            PrintString 2, 0, "KEY(S)                                ACTION"
            PrintString 3, 0, "-----------------------------------   --------------------------------"
            PrintString 4, 0, "Crsr Up/Down, PgUp/PgDown, Home/End   Navigate/select item"
            'PrintString 5, 0, "Crsr Left                             See description of current item"
            PrintString 6, 0, "Crsr Right                            Run current item"

            ClearKeyboard 1
            bInitPage = FALSE
        End If

        If bInitInfo = TRUE Or bMoved = TRUE Then
            ' Clear old description
            For iNextRow = iInfoRow To (iInfoRow + iInfoSize)
                Locate iNextRow, 1
                Color iBackColor~&, iBackColor~&
                Print String$(iMaxColumns, " ");
            Next iNextRow

            ' Show current item's description
            If Len(m_arrMenu(iMenuPos).Choice) > 0 Then
                If Len(m_arrMenu(iMenuPos).Info) > 0 Then
                    split m_arrMenu(iMenuPos).Info, sInfoDelim, arrInfo()
                    iRowCount = 0
                    iNextRow = iInfoRow
                    For iIndex = 0 To UBound(arrInfo)
                        iRowCount = iRowCount + 1
                        If iRowCount > iInfoSize Then Exit For
                        Locate iNextRow, 1
                        Color iInfoColor~&, iBackColor~&
                        Print Left$(arrInfo(iIndex), iMaxColumns);
                        iNextRow = iNextRow + 1
                    Next iIndex
                End If
            End If ' If Len(m_arrMenu(iMenuPos).Choice) > 0 Then

            bInitInfo = FALSE
        End If

        ' (RE)DISPLAY CURRENT SLICE OF THE MENU
        If bMoved = TRUE Then
            iRow = iStartRow
            iCol = 0
            If iMenuStart < LBound(m_arrMenu) Then
                iMenuStart = LBound(m_arrMenu)
            End If
            iMenuEnd = (iMenuStart + iMenuSize) - 1
            If iMenuEnd > UBound(m_arrMenu) Then
                If iMenuSize >= UBound(m_arrMenu) Then
                    iMenuStart = UBound(m_arrMenu) - (iMenuSize - 1)
                Else
                    iMenuStart = LBound(m_arrMenu)
                    iMenuEnd = UBound(m_arrMenu)
                End If
            End If
            For iMenuLoop = iMenuStart To iMenuEnd
                iRow = iRow + 1
                If iMenuLoop = iMenuPos Then
                    Color iBackColor~&, iMenuColor~&
                Else
                    Color iMenuColor~&, iBackColor~&
                End If
                PrintString iRow, iCol, right$("   " + cstr$(iMenuLoop), 3) + ". " + _
                    left$(m_arrMenu(iMenuLoop).Choice + string$(iColCount, " "), iColCount)
            Next iMenuLoop
            bMoved = FALSE
        End If

        ' GET USER INPUT
        While _DeviceInput(1): Wend ' Clear and update the keyboard buffer

        ' DON'T ACCEPT ANY MORE INPUT UNTIL THE LAST PRESSED KEY IS RELEASED
        If iLastKey <> 0 Then
            If _Button(iLastKey) = FALSE Then
                iLastKey = 0
            End If
        End If

        ' READY TO ACCEPT MORE INPUT?
        If iLastKey = 0 Or bInitInfo = TRUE Then
            ' DID PLAYER PRESS ANY KEYS WE KNOW?
            If _Button(KeyCode_Home%) Then
                in$ = "home"
                iLastKey = KeyCode_Home%
            ElseIf _Button(KeyCode_End%) Then
                in$ = "end"
                iLastKey = KeyCode_End%
            ElseIf _Button(KeyCode_PgUp%) Then
                in$ = "pgup"
                iLastKey = KeyCode_PgUp%
            ElseIf _Button(KeyCode_PgDn%) Then
                in$ = "pgdn"
                iLastKey = KeyCode_PgDn%
            ElseIf _Button(KeyCode_Up%) Then
                in$ = "up"
                iLastKey = KeyCode_Up%
            ElseIf _Button(KeyCode_Down%) Then
                in$ = "down"
                iLastKey = KeyCode_Down%
                'ElseIf _Button(KeyCode_Left%) Then
                '    in$ = "info"
                '    iLastKey = KeyCode_Left%
            ElseIf _Button(KeyCode_Right%) Then
                in$ = "run"
                iLastKey = KeyCode_Right%
                'ElseIf _Button(KeyCode_Enter%) Then '<-- for some reason clearing the keyboard buffer doesn't stop the Enter key from being detected later, oh well
                '    in$ = "run"
                '    iLastKey = KeyCode_Enter%
            ElseIf _Button(KeyCode_Escape%) Then
                in$ = "esc"
                iLastKey = KeyCode_Escape%
            Else
                in$ = ""
            End If

            ' IF USER DID PRESS A KEY WE KNOW, PROCESS INPUT
            If iLastKey <> 0 Or bInitInfo = TRUE Then
                ClearKeyboard 0

                If in$ = "" Then
                    ' (DO NOTHING)
                ElseIf in$ = "home" Then
                    iMenuPos = LBound(m_arrMenu)
                    bMoved = TRUE
                ElseIf in$ = "end" Then
                    iMenuPos = UBound(m_arrMenu)
                    bMoved = TRUE
                ElseIf in$ = "pgup" Then
                    iMenuPos = iMenuPos - iPageSize
                    bMoved = TRUE
                ElseIf in$ = "pgdn" Then
                    iMenuPos = iMenuPos + iPageSize
                    bMoved = TRUE
                ElseIf in$ = "up" Then
                    iMenuPos = iMenuPos - 1
                    bMoved = TRUE
                ElseIf in$ = "down" Then
                    iMenuPos = iMenuPos + 1
                    bMoved = TRUE
                ElseIf in$ = "run" Then
                    '' HIGHLIGHT NAME
                    'iRow = iStartRow
                    'For iMenuLoop = iMenuStart To iMenuEnd
                    '    iRow = iRow + 1
                    '    If iMenuLoop = iMenuPos Then
                    '        Color iBackColor~&, iRunColor~&
                    '        PrintString iRow, iCol, right$("   " + cstr$(iMenuLoop), 3) + ". " + _
                    '            left$(m_arrMenu(iMenuLoop).Choice + string$(iColCount, " "), iColCount)
                    '        Exit For
                    '    End If
                    'Next iMenuLoop

                    ' DO WHAT THE USER SELECTED
                    DoMenuItem iMenuPos
                    bMoved = TRUE

                    ' FLAG TO REDRAW MENU
                    bInitPage = TRUE
                    bInitInfo = TRUE

                ElseIf in$ = "esc" Then
                    bFinished = TRUE
                    Exit Do
                End If

                ' HANDLE MOVE
                If bMoved = TRUE Then
                    ' MAKE SURE NOT OUT OF BOUNDS
                    If iMenuPos < LBound(m_arrMenu) Then
                        iMenuPos = LBound(m_arrMenu)
                    ElseIf iMenuPos > UBound(m_arrMenu) Then
                        iMenuPos = UBound(m_arrMenu)
                    End If

                    ' DETERMINE WHAT RANGE TO DISPLAY
                    If iMenuPos < iMenuStart Then
                        iMenuStart = iMenuPos - iNudgeSize
                        If iMenuStart < LBound(m_arrMenu) Then
                            iMenuStart = LBound(m_arrMenu)
                        End If
                        iMenuEnd = iMenuStart + (iMenuSize - 1)
                        If iMenuEnd > UBound(m_arrMenu) Then
                            iMenuEnd = UBound(m_arrMenu)
                        End If
                    ElseIf iMenuPos > iMenuEnd Then
                        iMenuEnd = iMenuPos + iNudgeSize
                        If iMenuEnd > UBound(m_arrMenu) Then
                            iMenuEnd = UBound(m_arrMenu)
                        End If
                        iMenuStart = iMenuEnd - (iMenuSize - 1)
                        If iMenuStart < LBound(m_arrMenu) Then
                            iMenuStart = LBound(m_arrMenu)
                        End If
                    End If
                End If ' HANDLE MOVE

            End If ' iLastKey <> 0
        End If ' IF iLastKey = 0
    Loop Until bFinished = TRUE

    While _DeviceInput(1): Wend ' Clear and update the keyboard buffer
    ClearKeyboard 3

    ' RETURN TO TEXT SCREEN
    Screen 0

End Sub ' main

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sub AddNextMenuItem (sName As String, sInfo As String)
    ReDim _Preserve m_arrMenu(1 To UBound(m_arrMenu) + 1) As MenuType
    m_arrMenu(UBound(m_arrMenu)).Choice = sName
    m_arrMenu(UBound(m_arrMenu)).Info = sInfo
End Sub ' AddNextMenuItem

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Tries to clear the keyboard buffer.
' In some places _KeyClear seems to work
' but in other situations While_DeviceInput(1):Wend works
' And in other situations k = _KeyHit works.

' So this handy dandy sub does it all:

' iDelay% VALUE    FOR
' -------------    ---
' (any)            _KeyClear
' 1                _Delay 1
' 2                 While _DeviceInput(1): Wend
' 3                 k = _KeyHit and the above methods

Sub ClearKeyboard (iDelay%)
    Dim k As Integer
    _KeyClear
    If iDelay% = 1 Then
        _Delay iDelay%
    End If
    If iDelay% > 1 Then
        While _DeviceInput(1): Wend ' Clear and update the keyboard buffer
    End If
    If iDelay% > 2 Then
        k = _KeyHit
    End If
End Sub ' ClearKeyboard

' ################################################################################################################################################################
' END GENERIC MENU CODE
' ################################################################################################################################################################

' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
' BEGIN DEBUGGING ROUTINES #DEBUGGING
' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Sub DebugPrint (s$)
    If m_bTesting = TRUE Then
        _Echo s$
        'ReDim arrLines$(0)
        'dim delim$ : delim$ = Chr$(13)
        'split MyString, delim$, arrLines$()
    End If
End Sub ' DebugPrint

'' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
'
'Sub DebugPause (sPrompt As String, iRow As Integer, iColumn As Integer, fgColor As _Unsigned Long, bgColor As _Unsigned Long)
'    Color fgColor, bgColor
'
'    PrintString iRow, iColumn, String$(128, " ")
'
'    PrintString iRow, iColumn, sPrompt
'    Sleep
'    '_KEYCLEAR: _DELAY 1
'    'DO
'    'LOOP UNTIL _KEYDOWN(13) ' leave loop when ENTER key pressed
'    '_KEYCLEAR: _DELAY 1
'End Sub ' DebugPause
'
'' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
'
'Sub DebugOut (sPrompt As String, iRow As Integer, iColumn As Integer, fgColor As _Unsigned Long, bgColor As _Unsigned Long)
'    Color fgColor, bgColor
'    PrintString iRow, iColumn, String$(128, " ")
'    PrintString iRow, iColumn, sPrompt
'End Sub ' DebugOut

' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
' END DEBUGGING ROUTINES @DEBUGGING
' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
' BEGIN GENERAL PURPOSE ROUTINES #GEN
' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Function AppendString$ (MyString As String, NewString As String, MyDelimiter As String)
    Dim sResult As String: sResult = MyString
    If Len(MyString) > 0 Then
        sResult = sResult + MyDelimiter
    End If
    sResult = sResult + NewString
    AppendString$ = sResult
End Function ' AppendString$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sub AppendToStringArray (MyStringArray$(), MyString$)
    ReDim _Preserve MyStringArray$(LBound(MyStringArray$) To UBound(MyStringArray$) + 1)
    MyStringArray$(UBound(MyStringArray$)) = MyString$
End Sub ' AppendToStringArray

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' See also StringTo2dArray

Function Array2dToString$ (MyArray() As String)
    Dim MyString As String
    Dim iY As Integer
    Dim iX As Integer
    Dim sLine As String
    MyString = ""
    For iY = LBound(MyArray, 1) To UBound(MyArray, 1)
        sLine = ""
        For iX = LBound(MyArray, 2) To UBound(MyArray, 2)
            sLine = sLine + MyArray(iY, iX)
        Next iX
        MyString = MyString + sLine + Chr$(13)
    Next iY
    Array2dToString$ = MyString
End Function ' Array2dToString$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

'Function Array2dToStringTest$ (MyArray() As String)
'    Dim MyString As String
'    Dim iY As Integer
'    Dim iX As Integer
'    Dim sLine As String
'    MyString = ""
'    MyString = MyString + "           11111111112222222222333" + Chr$(13)
'    MyString = MyString + "  12345678901234567890123456789012" + Chr$(13)
'    For iY = LBound(MyArray, 1) To UBound(MyArray, 1)
'        sLine = ""
'        sLine = sLine + Right$("  " + cstr$(iY), 2)
'        For iX = LBound(MyArray, 2) To UBound(MyArray, 2)
'            sLine = sLine + MyArray(iY, iX)
'        Next iX
'        sLine = sLine + Right$("  " + cstr$(iY), 2)
'        MyString = MyString + sLine + Chr$(13)
'    Next iY
'    MyString = MyString + "  12345678901234567890123456789012" + Chr$(13)
'    MyString = MyString + "           11111111112222222222333" + Chr$(13)
'    Array2dToStringTest$ = MyString
'End Function ' Array2dToStringTest$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Convert a value to string and trim it (because normal Str$ adds spaces)

Function cstr$ (myValue)
    'cstr$ = LTRIM$(RTRIM$(STR$(myValue)))
    cstr$ = _Trim$(Str$(myValue))
End Function ' cstr$

'' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
'' Convert a Long value to string and trim it (because normal Str$ adds spaces)
'
'Function cstrl$ (myValue As Long)
'    cstrl$ = _Trim$(Str$(myValue))
'End Function ' cstrl$
'
'' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
'' Convert a Single value to string and trim it (because normal Str$ adds spaces)
'
'Function cstrs$ (myValue As Single)
'    ''cstr$ = LTRIM$(RTRIM$(STR$(myValue)))
'    cstrs$ = _Trim$(Str$(myValue))
'End Function ' cstrs$
'
'' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
'' Convert an unsigned Long value to string and trim it (because normal Str$ adds spaces)
'
'Function cstrul$ (myValue As _Unsigned Long)
'    cstrul$ = _Trim$(Str$(myValue))
'End Function ' cstrul$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Simple timestamp function

Function CurrentDateTime$
    CurrentDateTime$ = Mid$(Date$, 7, 4) + "-" + _
        Mid$(Date$, 1, 5) + " " + _
        Time$
End Function ' CurrentDateTime$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' TODO: verify this works

' Scientific notation - QB64 Wiki
' https://www.qb64.org/wiki/Scientific_notation

' Example: A string function that displays extremely small or large exponential decimal values.

Function DblToStr$ (n#)
    value$ = UCase$(LTrim$(Str$(n#)))
    Xpos% = InStr(value$, "D") + InStr(value$, "E") 'only D or E can be present
    If Xpos% Then
        expo% = Val(Mid$(value$, Xpos% + 1))
        If Val(value$) < 0 Then
            sign$ = "-": valu$ = Mid$(value$, 2, Xpos% - 2)
        Else valu$ = Mid$(value$, 1, Xpos% - 1)
        End If
        dot% = InStr(valu$, "."): L% = Len(valu$)
        If expo% > 0 Then add$ = String$(expo% - (L% - dot%), "0")
        If expo% < 0 Then min$ = String$(Abs(expo%) - (dot% - 1), "0"): DP$ = "."
        For n = 1 To L%
            If Mid$(valu$, n, 1) <> "." Then num$ = num$ + Mid$(valu$, n, 1)
        Next
    Else DblToStr$ = value$: Exit Function
    End If
    DblToStr$ = _Trim$(sign$ + DP$ + min$ + num$ + add$)
End Function ' DblToStr$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Receives an {sDelim} delimited list {sInput}
' returns the list with all duplicate entries removed.

Function DedupeDelimList$ (sInput As String, sDelim As String)
    ReDim arrLines(-1) As String
    Dim sOutput As String
    Dim iLoop As Integer

    split sInput, sDelim, arrLines()
    sOutput = sDelim
    For iLoop = LBound(arrLines) To UBound(arrLines)
        If InStr(1, sOutput, sDelim + arrLines(iLoop) + sDelim) = 0 Then
            sOutput = sOutput + arrLines(iLoop) + sDelim
        End If
    Next iLoop

    DedupeDelimList$ = sOutput
End Function ' DedupeDelimList$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' SMcNeill
' More efficient version of ExtendedTimer.
' This stores our day values and only updates them when necessary.
' We really don't need to figure out how many seconds are in today over and over endlessly
' -- just count them once, and when the clock swaps back to 0:0:0, add 24*60*60 seconds to the count.
' Re: how to time something (ie do loop for n seconds)
' https://forum.qb64.org/index.php?topic=4682.0

Function ExtendedTimer##
    'modified extendedtimer to store the old day's count, and not have to recalculate it every time the routine is called.

    Static olds As _Float, old_day As _Float
    Dim m As Integer, d As Integer, y As Integer
    Dim s As _Float, day As String
    If olds = 0 Then 'calculate the day the first time the extended timer runs
        day = Date$
        m = Val(Left$(day, 2))
        d = Val(Mid$(day, 4, 2))
        y = Val(Right$(day, 4)) - 1970
        Select Case m 'Add the number of days for each previous month passed
            Case 2: d = d + 31
            Case 3: d = d + 59
            Case 4: d = d + 90
            Case 5: d = d + 120
            Case 6: d = d + 151
            Case 7: d = d + 181
            Case 8: d = d + 212
            Case 9: d = d + 243
            Case 10: d = d + 273
            Case 11: d = d + 304
            Case 12: d = d + 334
        End Select
        If (y Mod 4) = 2 And m > 2 Then d = d + 1 'add a day if this is leap year and we're past february
        d = (d - 1) + 365 * y 'current month days passed + 365 days per each standard year
        d = d + (y + 2) \ 4 'add in days for leap years passed
        s = d * 24 * 60 * 60 'Seconds are days * 24 hours * 60 minutes * 60 seconds
        old_day = s
    End If
    If Timer < oldt Then 'we went from 23:59:59 (a second before midnight) to 0:0:0 (midnight)
        old_day = s + 83400 'add another worth of seconds to our counter
    End If
    oldt = Timer
    olds = old_day + oldt
    ExtendedTimer## = olds
End Function ' ExtendedTimer##

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' TODO: find the newer formatting function?

Function FormatNumber$ (myValue, iDigits As Integer)
    Dim strValue As String
    strValue = DblToStr$(myValue) + String$(iDigits, " ")
    If myValue < 1 Then
        If myValue < 0 Then
            strValue = Replace$(strValue, "-.", "-0.")
        ElseIf myValue > 0 Then
            strValue = "0" + strValue
        End If
    End If
    FormatNumber$ = Left$(strValue, iDigits)
End Function ' FormatNumber$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' From: Bitwise Manipulations By Steven Roman
' http://www.romanpress.com/Articles/Bitwise_R/Bitwise.htm

' Returns the 8-bit binary representation
' of an integer iInput where 0 <= iInput <= 255

Function GetBinary$ (iInput1 As Integer)
    Dim sResult As String
    Dim iLoop As Integer
    Dim iInput As Integer: iInput = iInput1

    sResult = ""

    If iInput >= 0 And iInput <= 255 Then
        For iLoop = 1 To 8
            sResult = LTrim$(RTrim$(Str$(iInput Mod 2))) + sResult
            iInput = iInput \ 2
            'If iLoop = 4 Then sResult = " " + sResult
        Next iLoop
    End If

    GetBinary$ = sResult
End Function ' GetBinary$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' wonderfully inefficient way to read if a bit is set
' ival = GetBit256%(int we are comparing, int containing the bits we want to read)

' See also: GetBit256%, SetBit256%

Function GetBit256% (iNum1 As Integer, iBit1 As Integer)
    Dim iResult As Integer
    Dim sNum As String
    Dim sBit As String
    Dim iLoop As Integer
    Dim bContinue As Integer
    'DIM iTemp AS INTEGER
    Dim iNum As Integer: iNum = iNum1
    Dim iBit As Integer: iBit = iBit1

    iResult = FALSE
    bContinue = TRUE

    If iNum < 256 And iBit <= 128 Then
        sNum = GetBinary$(iNum)
        sBit = GetBinary$(iBit)
        For iLoop = 1 To 8
            If Mid$(sBit, iLoop, 1) = "1" Then
                'if any of the bits in iBit are false, return false
                If Mid$(sNum, iLoop, 1) = "0" Then
                    iResult = FALSE
                    bContinue = FALSE
                    Exit For
                End If
            End If
        Next iLoop
        If bContinue = TRUE Then
            iResult = TRUE
        End If
    End If

    GetBit256% = iResult
End Function ' GetBit256%

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Returns the text character at positon x%, y%

' Does the same as:
'   Locate y%, x%
'   GetCharXY% = Screen(CsrLin, Pos(0))

' See also: GetColorXY&

Function GetCharXY% (x%, y%)
    GetCharXY% = Screen(y%, x%, 0) ' when 3rd parameter = 0 returns character code
End Function ' GetCharXY%

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Returns the text color at positon x%, y%

' See also: GetCharXY%

Function GetColorXY& (x%, y%)
    GetColorXY& = Screen(y%, x%, 1) ' when 3rd parameter = 1 returns character color
End Function ' GetColorXY

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Simple timestamp function
' Format: {YYYY}-{MM}-{DD} {hh}:[mm}:{ss}

' Uses:
'     TIME$
'         The TIME$ Function returns a STRING representation
'         of the current computer time in a 24 hour format.
'         https://qb64phoenix.com/qb64wiki/index.php/TIME$
'     DATE$
'         The DATE$ function returns the current computer date
'         as a string in the format "mm-dd-yyyy".
'         https://qb64phoenix.com/qb64wiki/index.php/DATE$
'
' TODO: support template where
'       {yyyy} = 4 digit year
'       {mm}   = 2 digit month
'       {dd}   = 2 digit day
'       {hh}   = 2 digit hour (12-hour)
'       {rr}   = 2 digit hour (24-hour)
'       {nn}   = 2 digit minute
'       {ss}   = 2 digit second
'       {ampm} = AM/PM

' We got the nn for minute from Microsoft > Office VBA Reference > DateDiff function
' https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/language/reference/user-interface-help/datediff-function

' PRINT "Current date time (simple format) = " + Chr$(34) + GetCurrentDateTime$("{yyyy}-{mm}-{dd} {rr}:{nn}:{ss}") + Chr$(34)
' PRINT "Current date time (US format)     = " + Chr$(34) + GetCurrentDateTime$("{mm}/{dd}/{yyyy} {hh}:{nn}:{ss} {ampm}") + Chr$(34)
' PRINT "Filename timestamp                = " + Chr$(34) + GetCurrentDateTime$("{yyyy}{mm}{dd}_{rr}{nn}{ss}") + Chr$(34)

Function GetCurrentDateTime$ (sTemplate$)
    Dim sDate$: sDate$ = Date$
    Dim sTime$: sTime$ = Time$
    Dim sYYYY$: sYYYY$ = Mid$(sDate$, 7, 4)
    Dim sMM$: sMM$ = Mid$(sDate$, 1, 2)
    Dim sDD$: sDD$ = Mid$(sDate$, 4, 2)
    Dim sHH24$: sHH24$ = Mid$(sTime$, 1, 2)
    Dim sHH$: sHH$ = ""
    Dim sMI$: sMI$ = Mid$(sTime$, 4, 2)
    Dim sSS$: sSS$ = Mid$(sTime$, 7, 2)
    Dim iHour%: iHour% = Val(sHH24$)
    Dim sAMPM$: sAMPM$ = ""
    Dim result$: result$ = ""

    ' FIGURE OUT AM/PM
    If InStr(sTemplate$, "{ampm}") > 0 Then
        If iHour% = 0 Then
            sAMPM$ = "AM"
            iHour% = 12
        ElseIf iHour% > 0 And iHour% < 12 Then
            sAMPM$ = "AM"
        ElseIf iHour% = 12 Then
            sAMPM$ = "PM"
        Else
            sAMPM$ = "PM"
            iHour% = iHour% - 12
        End If
        sHH$ = Right$("00" + _Trim$(Str$(iHour%)), 2)
    End If

    ' POPULATE TEMPLATE
    result$ = sTemplate$
    result$ = Replace$(result$, "{yyyy}", sYYYY$)
    result$ = Replace$(result$, "{mm}", sMM$)
    result$ = Replace$(result$, "{dd}", sDD$)
    result$ = Replace$(result$, "{hh}", sHH$)
    result$ = Replace$(result$, "{rr}", sHH24$)
    result$ = Replace$(result$, "{nn}", sMI$)
    result$ = Replace$(result$, "{ss}", sSS$)
    result$ = Replace$(result$, "{ampm}", sAMPM$)

    ' RETURN RESULT
    GetCurrentDateTime$ = result$
End Function ' GetCurrentDateTime$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' From: Bitwise Manipulations By Steven Roman
' http://www.romanpress.com/Articles/Bitwise_R/Bitwise.htm

' Returns the integer that corresponds to a binary string of length 8

Function GetIntegerFromBinary% (sBinary1 As String)
    Dim iResult As Integer
    Dim iLoop As Integer
    Dim strBinary As String
    Dim sBinary As String: sBinary = sBinary1

    iResult = 0
    strBinary = Replace$(sBinary, " ", "") ' Remove any spaces
    For iLoop = 0 To Len(strBinary) - 1
        iResult = iResult + 2 ^ iLoop * Val(Mid$(strBinary, Len(strBinary) - iLoop, 1))
    Next iLoop

    GetIntegerFromBinary% = iResult
End Function ' GetIntegerFromBinary%

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Receives a {sDelimeter} delimited list of numbers {MyString}
' and splits it up into an integer array arrInteger()
' beginning at index {iMinIndex}.

Sub GetIntegerArrayFromDelimList (MyString As String, sDelimiter As String, iMinIndex As Integer, arrInteger() As Integer)
    ReDim arrString(-1) As String
    Dim CleanString As String
    Dim iLoop As Integer
    Dim iCount As Integer: iCount = iMinIndex - 1

    ReDim arrInteger(-1) As Integer

    'DebugPrint "GetIntegerArrayFromDelimList " + _
    '    "MyString=" + chr$(34) + MyString + chr$(34) + ", " + _
    '    "sDelimiter=" + chr$(34) + sDelimiter + chr$(34) + ", " + _
    '    "iMinIndex=" + cstr$(iMinIndex) + ", " + _
    '    "arrInteger()"


    If Len(sDelimiter) > 0 Then
        CleanString = MyString
        If sDelimiter <> " " Then
            CleanString = Replace$(CleanString, " ", "")
        End If

        split CleanString, sDelimiter, arrString()
        iCount = iMinIndex - 1
        For iLoop = LBound(arrString) To UBound(arrString)
            If IsNum%(arrString(iLoop)) = TRUE Then
                iCount = iCount + 1
                ReDim _Preserve arrInteger(iMinIndex To iCount) As Integer
                arrInteger(iCount) = Val(arrString(iLoop))
                'DebugPrint "5633 arrInteger(" + cstr$(iCount) + ") = VAL(arrString(" + cstr$(iLoop) + ")) = " + cstr$(arrInteger(iCount))

            End If
        Next iLoop
    Else
        If IsNum%(MyString) = TRUE Then
            ReDim _Preserve arrInteger(iMinIndex To iMinIndex) As Integer
            arrInteger(iMinIndex) = Val(MyString)
        End If
    End If

    'CleanString=""
    'for iLoop=lbound(arrInteger) to ubound(arrInteger)
    'CleanString = CleanString + iifstr$(iLoop=lbound(arrInteger), "", ",") + cstr$(arrInteger(iLoop))
    'next iLoop
    'DebugPrint "arrInteger=(" + CleanString + ")"
End Sub ' GetIntegerArrayFromDelimList

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' IIF function for QB for integers

Function IIF (Condition, IfTrue, IfFalse)
    If Condition Then IIF = IfTrue Else IIF = IfFalse
End Function

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' IIF function for QB for strings

Function IIFSTR$ (Condition, IfTrue$, IfFalse$)
    If Condition Then IIFSTR$ = IfTrue$ Else IIFSTR$ = IfFalse$
End Function

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Function IntPadLeft$ (iValue As Integer, iWidth As Integer)
    IntPadLeft$ = Right$(String$(iWidth, " ") + _Trim$(Str$(iValue)), iWidth)
End Function ' IntPadLeft$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Function IntPadRight$ (iValue As Integer, iWidth As Integer)
    IntPadRight$ = Left$(_Trim$(Str$(iValue)) + String$(iWidth, " "), iWidth)
End Function ' IntPadRight$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Returns TRUE if number n is even
' https://slaystudy.com/qbasic-program-to-check-if-number-is-even-or-odd/

Function IsEven% (n)
    If n Mod 2 = 0 Then
        IsEven% = TRUE
    Else
        IsEven% = FALSE
    End If
End Function ' IsEven%

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Returns TRUE if number n is odd
' https://slaystudy.com/qbasic-program-to-check-if-number-is-even-or-odd/

Function IsOdd% (n)
    If n Mod 2 = 1 Then
        IsOdd% = TRUE
    Else
        IsOdd% = FALSE
    End If
End Function ' IsOdd%

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Returns TRUE if value text$ is numeric.

Function IsNum% (text$)
    IsNum% = IsNumber%(text$)
End Function ' IsNum%

'' NOTE: THIS FAILS FOR NUMBERS LIKE "002" AND "2.000":
'Function IsNum% (text$)
'    Dim a$
'    Dim b$
'    a$ = _Trim$(text$)
'    b$ = _Trim$(Str$(Val(text$)))
'    If a$ = b$ Then
'        IsNum% = TRUE
'    Else
'        IsNum% = FALSE
'    End If
'End Function ' IsNum%

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Returns TRUE if value OriginalString$ is numeric.

' Re: Does a Is Number function exist in QB64?
' https://www.qb64.org/forum/index.php?topic=896.15

' Version 2 by madscijr
' Returns TRUE (-1) if string is an integer, FALSE (0) if not

' Version 1 by MWheatley
' Reply #18 on: January 01, 2019, 11:24:30 AM
' returns 1 if string is an integer, 0 if not

Function IsNumber% (OriginalString$)
    Dim bResult%: bResult% = FALSE
    Dim iLoop%
    Dim TestString$
    'Dim bNegative%
    Dim iDecimalCount%
    Dim sNextChar$
   
    'THEY SHOULD TRIM OUTSIDE THE FUNCTION!
    'TestString$ = _TRIM$(OriginalString$)
   
    If Len(OriginalString$) > 0 Then
        TestString$ = ""
        If Left$(OriginalString$, 1) = "+" Then
            TestString$ = Right$(OriginalString$, Len(OriginalString$) - 1)
            'bNegative% = FALSE
        ElseIf Left$(OriginalString$, 1) = "-" Then
            TestString$ = Right$(OriginalString$, Len(OriginalString$) - 1)
            'bNegative% = TRUE
        Else
            TestString$ = OriginalString$
            'bNegative% = FALSE
        End If
        If Len(TestString$) > 0 Then
            bResult% = TRUE
            iDecimalCount% = 0
            For iLoop% = 1 To Len(TestString$)
                sNextChar$ = Mid$(TestString$, iLoop%, 1)
                If sNextChar$ = "." Then
                    iDecimalCount% = iDecimalCount% + 1
                    If iDecimalCount% > 1 Then
                        ' TOO MANY DECIMAL POINTS, INVALID!
                        bResult% = FALSE
                        Exit For
                    End If
                ElseIf Asc(sNextChar$) < 48 Or Asc(sNextChar$) > 57 Then
                    ' NOT A NUMERAL OR A DECIMAL, INVALID!
                    bResult% = FALSE
                    Exit For
                End If
            Next iLoop%
        End If
    End If
    IsNumber% = bResult%
End Function ' IsNumber%

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

'Sub IsNumberTest
'    Dim in$
'    Cls
'    IsNumberTest1 "1"
'    IsNumberTest1 "01"
'    IsNumberTest1 "001"
'    IsNumberTest1 "-1"
'    IsNumberTest1 "-01"
'    IsNumberTest1 "-001"
'    IsNumberTest1 "+1"
'    IsNumberTest1 "+01"
'    IsNumberTest1 "+001"
'    IsNumberTest1 ".1"
'    IsNumberTest1 ".01"
'    IsNumberTest1 ".001"
'    IsNumberTest1 ".10"
'    IsNumberTest1 ".100"
'    IsNumberTest1 "..100"
'    IsNumberTest1 "100."
'    Input "PRESS ENTER TO CONTINUE TEST";in$
'    Cls
'    IsNumberTest1 "0.10"
'    IsNumberTest1 "00.100"
'    IsNumberTest1 "000.1000"
'    IsNumberTest1 "000..1000"
'    IsNumberTest1 "000.1000.00"
'    IsNumberTest1 "+1.00"
'    IsNumberTest1 "++1.00"
'    IsNumberTest1 "+-1.00"
'    IsNumberTest1 "-1.00"
'    IsNumberTest1 "-+1.00"
'    IsNumberTest1 " 1"
'    IsNumberTest1 "1 "
'    IsNumberTest1 "1. 01"
'    IsNumberTest1 "+1 "
'End Sub ' IsNumberTest
'Sub IsNumberTest1(MyString As String)
'    Const cWidth = 16
'    Dim sInput As String : sInput = left$(Chr$(34) + MyString + Chr$(34) + String$(cWidth, " "), cWidth)
'    Dim sResult As String : sResult = right$(String$(2, " ") + _Trim$(Str$(IsNumber%(MyString))), 2)
'    Print "IsNumber%(" + sInput + ") returns " + sResult
'End Sub ' IsNumberTest1

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Split and join strings
' https://www.qb64.org/forum/index.php?topic=1073.0

'Combine all elements of in$() into a single string with delimiter$ separating the elements.

Function join$ (in$(), delimiter$)
    Dim result$
    Dim i As Long
    result$ = in$(LBound(in$))
    For i = LBound(in$) + 1 To UBound(in$)
        result$ = result$ + delimiter$ + in$(i)
    Next i
    join$ = result$
End Function ' join$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' ABS was returning strange values with type LONG
' so I created this which does not.

Function LongABS& (lngValue As Long)
    If Sgn(lngValue) = -1 Then
        LongABS& = 0 - lngValue
    Else
        LongABS& = lngValue
    End If
End Function ' LongABS&

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' remove scientific Notation to String (~40 LOC)
' SMcNeill Jan 7, 2020
' https://www.qb64.org/forum/index.php?topic=1555.msg112989#msg112989

' Last Function in code marked Best Answer (removed debug comments and
' blank lines added these 2 lines.)

Function N2S$ (EXP$)
    ReDim t$, sign$, l$, r$, r&&
    ReDim dp As Long, dm As Long, ep As Long, em As Long, check1 As Long, l As Long, i As Long
    t$ = LTrim$(RTrim$(EXP$))
    If Left$(t$, 1) = "-" Or Left$(t$, 1) = "N" Then sign$ = "-": t$ = Mid$(t$, 2)
    dp = InStr(t$, "D+"): dm = InStr(t$, "D-")
    ep = InStr(t$, "E+"): em = InStr(t$, "E-")
    check1 = Sgn(dp) + Sgn(dm) + Sgn(ep) + Sgn(em)
    If check1 < 1 Or check1 > 1 Then N2S = _Trim$(EXP$): Exit Function ' If no scientic notation is found, or if we find more than 1 type, it's not SN!
    Select Case l ' l now tells us where the SN starts at.
        Case Is < dp: l = dp
        Case Is < dm: l = dm
        Case Is < ep: l = ep
        Case Is < em: l = em
    End Select
    l$ = Left$(t$, l - 1) ' The left of the SN
    r$ = Mid$(t$, l + 1): r&& = Val(r$) ' The right of the SN, turned into a workable long
    If InStr(l$, ".") Then ' Location of the decimal, if any
        If r&& > 0 Then
            r&& = r&& - Len(l$) + 2
        Else
            r&& = r&& + 1
        End If
        l$ = Left$(l$, 1) + Mid$(l$, 3)
    End If
    Select Case r&&
        Case 0 ' what the heck? We solved it already?
            ' l$ = l$
        Case Is < 0
            For i = 1 To -r&&
                l$ = "0" + l$
            Next
            l$ = "." + l$
        Case Else
            For i = 1 To r&&
                l$ = l$ + "0"
            Next
            l$ = l$
    End Select
    N2S$ = sign$ + l$
End Function ' N2S$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Pauses for iDS deciseconds (iDS * 100 ms)

Sub PauseDecisecond (iDS As Integer)
    Dim iCount As Integer
    iCount = 0
    Do
        iCount = iCount + 1
        _Limit 10 ' run 10x every second
    Loop Until iCount = iDS
End Sub ' PauseDecisecond

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Returns TRUE if point (x1%, y1%) is adjacent to point (x2%, y2%)

Function PointsAreAdjacent% (x1%, y1%, x2%, y2%)
    Dim bResult%: bResult% = FALSE

    ' x or y can be the same, but not both
    If (x1% <> x2%) Or (y1% <> y2%) Then
        If (x1% = x2%) Or ((x1% = (x2% + 1)) Or (x2% = (x1% + 1))) Then
            If (y1% = y2%) Or ((y1% = (y2% + 1)) Or (y2% = (y1% + 1))) Then
                bResult% = TRUE
            End If
        End If
    End If
    PointsAreAdjacent% = bResult%
End Function ' PointsAreAdjacent%

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Writes sText to file sFileName.
' If bAppend=TRUE appends to file, else overwrites it.

' Returns blank if successful else returns error message.

' Example:
' ProgramPath$ = Left$(Command$(0), _InStrRev(Command$(0), "\"))
' ProgramName$: m_ProgramName$ = Mid$(Command$(0), _InStrRev(Command$(0), "\") + 1)
' sFileName = ProgramPath$ + ProgramName$ + ".OUT.txt"
' sText = "This is a test." + chr$(13) + "Here is line 2." + chr$(13) + "End."
' sError = PrintFile$(sFileName, sText, FALSE)

Function PrintFile$ (sFileName As String, sText As String, bAppend As Integer)
    Dim sError As String: sError = ""

    If Len(sError) = 0 Then
        If (bAppend = TRUE) Then
            If _FileExists(sFileName) Then
                Open sFileName For Append As #1 ' opens an existing file for appending
            Else
                sError = "Error in PrintFile$ : File not found. Cannot append."
            End If
        Else
            Open sFileName For Output As #1 ' opens and clears an existing file or creates new empty file
        End If
    End If
    If Len(sError) = 0 Then
        ' NOTE: WRITE places text in quotes in the file
        'WRITE #1, x, y, z$
        'WRITE #1, sText

        ' PRINT does not put text inside quotes
        Print #1, sText

        Close #1
    End If

    PrintFile$ = sError
End Function ' PrintFile$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Does a _PrintString at the specified row+column.
' iRow and iCol are 0-based.
' See also: PrintString1

Sub PrintString (iRow As Integer, iCol As Integer, MyString As String)
    Dim iX As Integer
    Dim iY As Integer
    iX = _FontWidth * iCol
    iY = _FontHeight * iRow ' (iRow + 1)
    _PrintString (iX, iY), MyString
End Sub ' PrintString

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Does a _PrintString at the specified row+column.
' iRow and iCol are 1-based.
' See also: PrintString

Sub PrintString1 (iRow As Integer, iCol As Integer, MyString As String)
    Dim iX As Integer
    Dim iY As Integer
    iX = _FontWidth * (iCol - 1)
    iY = _FontHeight * (iRow - 1)
    _PrintString (iX, iY), MyString
End Sub ' PrintString1

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Prints text character char$ at positoin x%,y% in color myColor&.

Sub PutCharXY (x%, y%, char$, myColor&)
    Color myColor&
    Locate y%, x%
    Print char$;
End Sub ' PutCharXY

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Generate random value between Min and Max inclusive.

Function RandomNumber% (Min%, Max%)
    Dim NumSpread%

    ' SET RANDOM SEED
    'Randomize ' Initialize random-number generator.
    Randomize Timer

    ' GET RANDOM # Min%-Max%
    'RandomNumber = Int((Max * Rnd) + Min) ' generate number

    NumSpread% = (Max% - Min%) + 1

    RandomNumber% = Int(Rnd * NumSpread%) + Min% ' GET RANDOM # BETWEEN Max% AND Min%

End Function ' RandomNumber%

'' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
'
'Sub RandomNumberTest
'    Dim iCols As Integer: iCols = 10
'    Dim iRows As Integer: iRows = 20
'    Dim iLoop As Integer
'    Dim iX As Integer
'    Dim iY As Integer
'    Dim sError As String
'    Dim sFileName As String
'    Dim sText As String
'    Dim bAppend As Integer
'    Dim iMin As Integer
'    Dim iMax As Integer
'    Dim iNum As Integer
'    Dim iErrorCount As Integer
'    Dim sInput$
'
'    sFileName = "c:\temp\maze_test_1.txt"
'    sText = "Count" + Chr$(9) + "Min" + Chr$(9) + "Max" + Chr$(9) + "Random"
'    bAppend = FALSE
'    sError = PrintFile$(sFileName, sText, bAppend)
'    If Len(sError) = 0 Then
'        bAppend = TRUE
'        iErrorCount = 0
'
'        iMin = 0
'        iMax = iCols - 1
'        For iLoop = 1 To 100
'            iNum = RandomNumber%(iMin, iMax)
'            sText = Str$(iLoop) + Chr$(9) + Str$(iMin) + Chr$(9) + Str$(iMax) + Chr$(9) + Str$(iNum)
'            sError = PrintFile$(sFileName, sText, bAppend)
'            If Len(sError) > 0 Then
'                iErrorCount = iErrorCount + 1
'                Print Str$(iLoop) + ". ERROR"
'                Print "    " + "iMin=" + Str$(iMin)
'                Print "    " + "iMax=" + Str$(iMax)
'                Print "    " + "iNum=" + Str$(iNum)
'                Print "    " + "Could not write to file " + Chr$(34) + sFileName + Chr$(34) + "."
'                Print "    " + sError
'            End If
'        Next iLoop
'
'        iMin = 0
'        iMax = iRows - 1
'        For iLoop = 1 To 100
'            iNum = RandomNumber%(iMin, iMax)
'            sText = Str$(iLoop) + Chr$(9) + Str$(iMin) + Chr$(9) + Str$(iMax) + Chr$(9) + Str$(iNum)
'            sError = PrintFile$(sFileName, sText, bAppend)
'            If Len(sError) > 0 Then
'                iErrorCount = iErrorCount + 1
'                Print Str$(iLoop) + ". ERROR"
'                Print "    " + "iMin=" + Str$(iMin)
'                Print "    " + "iMax=" + Str$(iMax)
'                Print "    " + "iNum=" + Str$(iNum)
'                Print "    " + "Could not write to file " + Chr$(34) + sFileName + Chr$(34) + "."
'                Print "    " + sError
'            End If
'        Next iLoop
'
'        Print "Finished generating numbers. Errors: " + Str$(iErrorCount)
'    Else
'        Print "Error creating file " + Chr$(34) + sFileName + Chr$(34) + "."
'        Print sError
'    End If
'
'    Input "Press <ENTER> to continue", sInput$
'End Sub ' RandomNumberTest

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' FROM: String Manipulation
' found at abandoned, outdated and now likely malicious qb64 dot net website
' http://www.qb64.[net]/forum/index_topic_5964-0/
'
'SUMMARY:
'   Purpose:  A library of custom functions that transform strings.
'   Author:   Dustinian Camburides (dustinian@gmail.com)
'   Platform: QB64 (www.qb64.org)
'   Revision: 1.6
'   Updated:  5/28/2012

'SUMMARY:
'[Replace$] replaces all instances of the [Find] sub-string with the [Add] sub-string within the [Text] string.
'INPUT:
'Text: The input string; the text that's being manipulated.
'Find: The specified sub-string; the string sought within the [Text] string.
'Add: The sub-string that's being added to the [Text] string.

Function Replace$ (Text1 As String, Find1 As String, Add1 As String)
    ' VARIABLES:
    Dim Text2 As String
    Dim Find2 As String
    Dim Add2 As String
    Dim lngLocation As Long ' The address of the [Find] substring within the [Text] string.
    Dim strBefore As String ' The characters before the string to be replaced.
    Dim strAfter As String ' The characters after the string to be replaced.

    ' INITIALIZE:
    ' MAKE COPIESSO THE ORIGINAL IS NOT MODIFIED (LIKE ByVal IN VBA)
    Text2 = Text1
    Find2 = Find1
    Add2 = Add1

    lngLocation = InStr(1, Text2, Find2)

    ' PROCESSING:
    ' While [Find2] appears in [Text2]...
    While lngLocation
        ' Extract all Text2 before the [Find2] substring:
        strBefore = Left$(Text2, lngLocation - 1)

        ' Extract all text after the [Find2] substring:
        strAfter = Right$(Text2, ((Len(Text2) - (lngLocation + Len(Find2) - 1))))

        ' Return the substring:
        Text2 = strBefore + Add2 + strAfter

        ' Locate the next instance of [Find2]:
        lngLocation = InStr(1, Text2, Find2)

        ' Next instance of [Find2]...
    Wend

    ' OUTPUT:
    Replace$ = Text2
End Function ' Replace$

'' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
'
'Sub ReplaceTest
'    Dim in$
'
'    Print "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
'    Print "ReplaceTest"
'    Print
'
'    Print "Original value"
'    in$ = "Thiz iz a teZt."
'    Print "in$ = " + Chr$(34) + in$ + Chr$(34)
'    Print
'
'    Print "Replacing lowercase " + Chr$(34) + "z" + Chr$(34) + " with " + Chr$(34) + "s" + Chr$(34) + "..."
'    in$ = Replace$(in$, "z", "s")
'    Print "in$ = " + Chr$(34) + in$ + Chr$(34)
'    Print
'
'    Print "Replacing uppercase " + Chr$(34) + "Z" + Chr$(34) + " with " + Chr$(34) + "s" + Chr$(34) + "..."
'    in$ = Replace$(in$, "Z", "s")
'    Print "in$ = " + Chr$(34) + in$ + Chr$(34)
'    Print
'
'    Print "ReplaceTest finished."
'End Sub ' ReplaceTest

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' https://qb64phoenix.com/forum/showthread.php?tid=644
' From: bplus
' Date: 07-18-2022, 03:16 PM
' Here is a Round$ that acts the way you'd expect in under 100 LOC
' b = b + ...

Function Round$ (anyNumber, dp As Long)
    ' 5 and up at decimal place dp+1 > +1 at decimal place   4 and down  > +0 at dp
    ' 2 1 0.-1 -2 -3 -4 ...  pick dp like this for this Round$ Function
    sn$ = N2S$(Str$(anyNumber + .5 * 10 ^ dp)) ' get rid of sci notation, steve trims it so next find dot
    dot = InStr(sn$, ".")
    If dot Then
        predot = dot - 1
        postdot = Len(sn$) - (dot + 1)
    Else
        predot = Len(sn$)
        postdot = 0
    End If
    ' xxx.yyyyyy  dp = -2
    '      ^ dp
    If dp >= 0 Then
        Rtn$ = Mid$(sn$, 1, predot - dp) + String$(dp, "0")
    Else
        Rtn$ = Mid$(sn$, 1, predot) + "." + Mid$(sn$, dot + 1, -dp)
    End If
    If Rtn$ = "" Then
        Round$ = "0"
    Else
        Round$ = Rtn$
    End If
End Function ' Round$

'' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
'
'Sub RoundTest
'   Print Round$(.15, 0) '  0
'   Print Round$(.15, -1) ' .2
'   Print Round$(.15, -2) ' .15
'   Print Round$(.15, -3) ' .150
'   Print
'   Print Round$(3555, 0) ' 3555
'   Print Round$(3555, 1) ' 3560
'   Print Round$(3555, 2) ' 3600 'good
'   Print Round$(3555, 3) ' 4000
'   Print
'   Print Round$(23.149999, -1) ' 23.1
'   Print Round$(23.149999, -2) ' 23.15
'   Print Round$(23.149999, -3) ' 23.150
'   Print Round$(23.149999, -4) ' 23.1500
'   Print
'   Print Round$(23.143335, -1) ' 23.1 OK?
'   Print Round$(23.143335, -2) ' 23.14
'   Print Round$(23.143335, -3) ' 23.143
'   Print Round$(23.143335, -4) ' 23.1433
'   Print Round$(23.143335, -5) ' 23.14334
'   Print
'   Dim float31 As _Float
'   float31 = .310000000000009
'   Print Round$(.31, -2) ' .31
'   Print Round$(.31##, -2)
'   Print Round$(float31, -2)
'End Sub ' RoundTest

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' TODO: verify these work (function Round$ works)

' https://www.qb64.org/forum/index.php?topic=3605.0
' Quote from: SMcNeill on Today at 03:53:48 PM
'
' Sometimes, you guys make things entirely too complicated.
' There ya go!  Three functions to either round naturally,
' always round down, or always round up, to whatever number of digits you desire.
' EDIT: Modified to add another option to round scientific,
' since you had it's description included in your example.

Function RoundNatural## (num##, digits%)
    RoundNatural## = Int(num## * 10 ^ digits% + .5) / 10 ^ digits%
End Function

Function RoundUp## (num##, digits%)
    RoundUp## = _Ceil(num## * 10 ^ digits%) / 10 ^ digits%
End Function

Function RoundDown## (num##, digits%)
    RoundDown## = Int(num## * 10 ^ digits%) / 10 ^ digits%
End Function

Function Round_Scientific## (num##, digits%)
    Round_Scientific## = _Round(num## * 10 ^ digits%) / 10 ^ digits%
End Function

Function RoundUpDouble# (num#, digits%)
    RoundUpDouble# = _Ceil(num# * 10 ^ digits%) / 10 ^ digits%
End Function

Function RoundUpSingle! (num!, digits%)
    RoundUpSingle! = _Ceil(num! * 10 ^ digits%) / 10 ^ digits%
End Function

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' fantastically inefficient way to set a bit

' example use: arrMaze(iX, iY) = SetBit256%(arrMaze(iX, iY), cS, FALSE)

' See also: GetBit256%, SetBit256%

' newint=SetBit256%(oldint, int containing the bits we want to set, value to set them to)
Function SetBit256% (iNum1 As Integer, iBit1 As Integer, bVal1 As Integer)
    Dim sNum As String
    Dim sBit As String
    Dim sVal As String
    Dim iLoop As Integer
    Dim strResult As String
    Dim iResult As Integer
    Dim iNum As Integer: iNum = iNum1
    Dim iBit As Integer: iBit = iBit1
    Dim bVal As Integer: bVal = bVal1

    If iNum < 256 And iBit <= 128 Then
        sNum = GetBinary$(iNum)
        sBit = GetBinary$(iBit)
        If bVal = TRUE Then
            sVal = "1"
        Else
            sVal = "0"
        End If
        strResult = ""
        For iLoop = 1 To 8
            If Mid$(sBit, iLoop, 1) = "1" Then
                strResult = strResult + sVal
            Else
                strResult = strResult + Mid$(sNum, iLoop, 1)
            End If
        Next iLoop
        iResult = GetIntegerFromBinary%(strResult)
    Else
        iResult = iNum
    End If

    SetBit256% = iResult
End Function ' SetBit256%

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' TODO: verify this works

' Scientific notation - QB64 Wiki
' https://www.qb64.org/wiki/Scientific_notation

' Example: A string function that displays extremely small or large exponential decimal values.

Function SngToStr$ (n!)
    value$ = UCase$(LTrim$(Str$(n!)))
    Xpos% = InStr(value$, "D") + InStr(value$, "E") 'only D or E can be present
    If Xpos% Then
        expo% = Val(Mid$(value$, Xpos% + 1))
        If Val(value$) < 0 Then
            sign$ = "-": valu$ = Mid$(value$, 2, Xpos% - 2)
        Else valu$ = Mid$(value$, 1, Xpos% - 1)
        End If
        dot% = InStr(valu$, "."): L% = Len(valu$)
        If expo% > 0 Then add$ = String$(expo% - (L% - dot%), "0")
        If expo% < 0 Then min$ = String$(Abs(expo%) - (dot% - 1), "0"): DP$ = "."
        For n = 1 To L%
            If Mid$(valu$, n, 1) <> "." Then num$ = num$ + Mid$(valu$, n, 1)
        Next
    Else SngToStr$ = value$: Exit Function
    End If
    SngToStr$ = _Trim$(sign$ + DP$ + min$ + num$ + add$)
End Function ' SngToStr$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Split and join strings
' https://www.qb64.org/forum/index.php?topic=1073.0
'
' FROM luke, QB64 Developer
' Date: February 15, 2019, 04:11:07 AM
'
' Given a string of words separated by spaces (or any other character),
' splits it into an array of the words. I've no doubt many people have
' written a version of this over the years and no doubt there's a million
' ways to do it, but I thought I'd put mine here so we have at least one
' version. There's also a join function that does the opposite
' array -> single string.
'
' Code is hopefully reasonably self explanatory with comments and a little demo.
' Note, this is akin to Python/JavaScript split/join, PHP explode/implode.

'Split in$ into pieces, chopping at every occurrence of delimiter$. Multiple consecutive occurrences
'of delimiter$ are treated as a single instance. The chopped pieces are stored in result$().
'
'delimiter$ must be one character long.
'result$() must have been REDIMmed previously.

' Modified to handle multi-character delimiters

Sub split (in$, delimiter$, result$())
    Dim start As Integer
    Dim finish As Integer
    Dim iDelimLen As Integer
    ReDim result$(-1)

    iDelimLen = Len(delimiter$)

    start = 1
    Do
        'While Mid$(in$, start, 1) = delimiter$
        While Mid$(in$, start, iDelimLen) = delimiter$
            'start = start + 1
            start = start + iDelimLen
            If start > Len(in$) Then
                Exit Sub
            End If
        Wend
        finish = InStr(start, in$, delimiter$)
        If finish = 0 Then
            finish = Len(in$) + 1
        End If

        ReDim _Preserve result$(0 To UBound(result$) + 1)

        result$(UBound(result$)) = Mid$(in$, start, finish - start)
        start = finish + 1
    Loop While start <= Len(in$)
End Sub ' split

'' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
'
'Sub SplitTest
'    Dim in$
'    Dim delim$
'    ReDim arrTest$(0)
'    Dim iLoop%
'
'    delim$ = Chr$(10)
'    in$ = "this" + delim$ + "is" + delim$ + "a" + delim$ + "test"
'    Print "in$ = " + Chr$(34) + in$ + Chr$(34)
'    Print "delim$ = " + Chr$(34) + delim$ + Chr$(34)
'    split in$, delim$, arrTest$()
'
'    For iLoop% = LBound(arrTest$) To UBound(arrTest$)
'        Print "arrTest$(" + LTrim$(RTrim$(Str$(iLoop%))) + ") = " + Chr$(34) + arrTest$(iLoop%) + Chr$(34)
'    Next iLoop%
'    Print
'    Print "Split test finished."
'End Sub ' SplitTest

'' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
'
'Sub SplitAndReplaceTest
'    Dim in$
'    Dim out$
'    Dim iLoop%
'    ReDim arrTest$(0)
'
'    Print "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
'    Print "SplitAndReplaceTest"
'    Print
'
'    Print "Original value"
'    in$ = "This line 1 " + Chr$(13) + Chr$(10) + "and line 2" + Chr$(10) + "and line 3 " + Chr$(13) + "finally THE END."
'    out$ = in$
'    out$ = Replace$(out$, Chr$(13), "\r")
'    out$ = Replace$(out$, Chr$(10), "\n")
'    out$ = Replace$(out$, Chr$(9), "\t")
'    Print "in$ = " + Chr$(34) + out$ + Chr$(34)
'    Print
'
'    Print "Fixing linebreaks..."
'    in$ = Replace$(in$, Chr$(13) + Chr$(10), Chr$(13))
'    in$ = Replace$(in$, Chr$(10), Chr$(13))
'    out$ = in$
'    out$ = Replace$(out$, Chr$(13), "\r")
'    out$ = Replace$(out$, Chr$(10), "\n")
'    out$ = Replace$(out$, Chr$(9), "\t")
'    Print "in$ = " + Chr$(34) + out$ + Chr$(34)
'    Print
'
'    Print "Splitting up..."
'    split in$, Chr$(13), arrTest$()
'
'    For iLoop% = LBound(arrTest$) To UBound(arrTest$)
'        out$ = arrTest$(iLoop%)
'        out$ = Replace$(out$, Chr$(13), "\r")
'        out$ = Replace$(out$, Chr$(10), "\n")
'        out$ = Replace$(out$, Chr$(9), "\t")
'        Print "arrTest$(" + cstr$(iLoop%) + ") = " + Chr$(34) + out$ + Chr$(34)
'    Next iLoop%
'    Print
'
'    Print "SplitAndReplaceTest finished."
'End Sub ' SplitAndReplaceTest

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Converts a chr$(13) delimited string
' into a 2-dimensional array.

' Usage:
' Dim StringArray(1 To 48, 1 To 128) As String
' StringTo2dArray StringArray(), GetMap$

' Version 2 with indexed array(row, columm)
' Renamed StringToArray to StringTo2dArray.

' See also: Array2dToString$

Sub StringTo2dArray (MyArray() As String, MyString As String)
    Dim sDelim As String
    ReDim arrLines(0) As String
    Dim iRow As Integer
    Dim iCol As Integer
    Dim sChar As String
    Dim iDim1 As Integer
    Dim iDim2 As Integer
    Dim iIndex1 As Integer
    Dim iIndex2 As Integer

    iDim1 = LBound(MyArray, 1)
    iDim2 = LBound(MyArray, 2)
    sDelim = Chr$(13)
    split MyString, sDelim, arrLines()
    For iRow = LBound(arrLines) To UBound(arrLines)
        If iRow <= UBound(MyArray, 1) Then
            For iCol = 1 To Len(arrLines(iRow))
                If iCol <= UBound(MyArray, 2) Then
                    sChar = Mid$(arrLines(iRow), iCol, 1)

                    If Len(sChar) > 1 Then
                        sChar = Left$(sChar, 1)
                    Else
                        If Len(sChar) = 0 Then
                            sChar = "."
                        End If
                    End If

                    iIndex1 = iRow + iDim1
                    iIndex2 = (iCol - 1) + iDim2
                    MyArray(iIndex1, iIndex2) = sChar
                    'DebugPrint "MyArray(" + cstr$(iIndex1) + ", " + cstr$(iIndex2) + " = " + chr$(34) + sChar + chr$(34)
                Else
                    ' Exit if out of bounds
                    Exit For
                End If
            Next iCol
        Else
            ' Exit if out of bounds
            Exit For
        End If
    Next iRow
End Sub ' StringTo2dArray

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Function StrPadLeft$ (sValue As String, iWidth As Integer)
    StrPadLeft$ = Right$(String$(iWidth, " ") + sValue, iWidth)
End Function ' StrPadLeft$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Function StrJustifyRight$ (sValue As String, iWidth As Integer)
    StrJustifyRight$ = Right$(String$(iWidth, " ") + sValue, iWidth)
End Function ' StrJustifyRight$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Function StrPadRight$ (sValue As String, iWidth As Integer)
    StrPadRight$ = Left$(sValue + String$(iWidth, " "), iWidth)
End Function ' StrPadRight$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Function StrJustifyLeft$ (sValue As String, iWidth As Integer)
    StrJustifyLeft$ = Left$(sValue + String$(iWidth, " "), iWidth)
End Function ' StrJustifyLeft$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' div: int1% = num1% \ den1%
' mod: rem1% = num1% MOD den1%

Function StrJustifyCenter$ (sValue As String, iWidth As Integer)
    Dim iLen0 As Integer
    Dim iLen1 As Integer
    Dim iLen2 As Integer
    Dim iExtra As Integer

    iLen0 = Len(sValue)
    If iWidth = iLen0 Then
        ' no extra space: return unchanged
        StrJustifyCenter$ = sValue
    ElseIf iWidth > iLen0 Then
        If IsOdd%(iWidth) Then
            iWidth = iWidth - 1
        End If

        ' center
        iExtra = iWidth - iLen0
        iLen1 = iExtra \ 2
        iLen2 = iLen1 + (iExtra Mod 2)
        StrJustifyCenter$ = String$(iLen1, " ") + sValue + String$(iLen2, " ")
    Else
        ' string is too long: truncate
        StrJustifyCenter$ = Left$(sValue, iWidth)
    End If
End Function ' StrJustifyCenter$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
' Use to pretty print TRUE and FALSE values.

Function TrueFalse$ (myValue)
    If myValue = TRUE Then
        TrueFalse$ = "TRUE"
    Else
        TrueFalse$ = "FALSE"
    End If
End Function ' TrueFalse$

' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
' END GENERAL PURPOSE ROUTINES
' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
' BEGIN KEYBOARD CODE FUNCTIONS
' NOTE: ALL CODES ARE FOR _BUTTON, EXCEPT:
' cF10 (_KEYDOWN)
' cAltLeft (_KEYHIT)
' cAltRight (_KEYHIT)
' cPrintScreen (_KEYHIT) <- may slow down pc?
' cPauseBreak (_KEYHIT) <- may not work?
' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Function KeyCode_Escape% ()
    KeyCode_Escape% = 2
End Function

Function KeyCode_F1% ()
    KeyCode_F1% = 60
End Function

Function KeyCode_F2% ()
    KeyCode_F2% = 61
End Function

Function KeyCode_F3% ()
    KeyCode_F3% = 62
End Function

Function KeyCode_F4% ()
    KeyCode_F4% = 63
End Function

Function KeyCode_F5% ()
    KeyCode_F5% = 64
End Function

Function KeyCode_F6% ()
    KeyCode_F6% = 65
End Function

Function KeyCode_F7% ()
    KeyCode_F7% = 66
End Function

Function KeyCode_F8% ()
    KeyCode_F8% = 67
End Function

Function KeyCode_F9% ()
    KeyCode_F9% = 68
End Function

'_KEYDOWN CODE, NOT _BUTTON CODE
Function KeyCode_F10% ()
    KeyCode_F10% = 17408
End Function

Function KeyCode_F11% ()
    KeyCode_F11% = 88
End Function

Function KeyCode_F12% ()
    KeyCode_F12% = 89
End Function

'_KEYHIT CODE, NOT _BUTTON CODE
Function KeyCode_PrintScreen% ()
    KeyCode_PrintScreen% = -44
End Function

Function KeyCode_ScrollLock% ()
    KeyCode_ScrollLock% = 71
End Function

'_KEYHIT CODE, NOT _BUTTON CODE
Function KeyCode_PauseBreak% ()
    KeyCode_PauseBreak% = 31053
End Function

Function KeyCode_Tilde% ()
    KeyCode_Tilde% = 42
End Function

Function KeyCode_1% ()
    KeyCode_1% = 3
End Function

Function KeyCode_2% ()
    KeyCode_2% = 4
End Function

Function KeyCode_3% ()
    KeyCode_3% = 5
End Function

Function KeyCode_4% ()
    KeyCode_4% = 6
End Function

Function KeyCode_5% ()
    KeyCode_5% = 7
End Function

Function KeyCode_6% ()
    KeyCode_6% = 8
End Function

Function KeyCode_7% ()
    KeyCode_7% = 9
End Function

Function KeyCode_8% ()
    KeyCode_8% = 10
End Function

Function KeyCode_9% ()
    KeyCode_9% = 11
End Function

Function KeyCode_0% ()
    KeyCode_0% = 12
End Function

Function KeyCode_Minus% ()
    KeyCode_Minus% = 13
End Function

Function KeyCode_Equal% ()
    KeyCode_Equal% = 14
End Function

Function KeyCode_BkSp% ()
    KeyCode_BkSp% = 15
End Function

Function KeyCode_Ins% ()
    KeyCode_Ins% = 339
End Function

Function KeyCode_Home% ()
    KeyCode_Home% = 328
End Function

Function KeyCode_PgUp% ()
    KeyCode_PgUp% = 330
End Function

Function KeyCode_Del% ()
    KeyCode_Del% = 340
End Function

Function KeyCode_End% ()
    KeyCode_End% = 336
End Function

Function KeyCode_PgDn% ()
    KeyCode_PgDn% = 338
End Function

Function KeyCode_NumLock% ()
    KeyCode_NumLock% = 326
End Function

Function KeyCode_KeypadSlash% ()
    KeyCode_KeypadSlash% = 310
End Function

Function KeyCode_KeypadMultiply% ()
    KeyCode_KeypadMultiply% = 56
End Function

Function KeyCode_KeypadMinus% ()
    KeyCode_KeypadMinus% = 75
End Function

Function KeyCode_Keypad7Home% ()
    KeyCode_Keypad7Home% = 72
End Function

Function KeyCode_Keypad8Up% ()
    KeyCode_Keypad8Up% = 73
End Function

Function KeyCode_Keypad9PgUp% ()
    KeyCode_Keypad9PgUp% = 74
End Function

Function KeyCode_KeypadPlus% ()
    KeyCode_KeypadPlus% = 79
End Function

Function KeyCode_Keypad4Left% ()
    KeyCode_Keypad4Left% = 76
End Function

Function KeyCode_Keypad5% ()
    KeyCode_Keypad5% = 77
End Function

Function KeyCode_Keypad6Right% ()
    KeyCode_Keypad6Right% = 78
End Function

Function KeyCode_Keypad1End% ()
    KeyCode_Keypad1End% = 80
End Function

Function KeyCode_Keypad2Down% ()
    KeyCode_Keypad2Down% = 81
End Function

Function KeyCode_Keypad3PgDn% ()
    KeyCode_Keypad3PgDn% = 82
End Function

Function KeyCode_KeypadEnter% ()
    KeyCode_KeypadEnter% = 285
End Function

Function KeyCode_Keypad0Ins% ()
    KeyCode_Keypad0Ins% = 83
End Function

Function KeyCode_KeypadPeriodDel% ()
    KeyCode_KeypadPeriodDel% = 84
End Function

Function KeyCode_Tab% ()
    KeyCode_Tab% = 16
End Function

Function KeyCode_Q% ()
    KeyCode_Q% = 17
End Function

Function KeyCode_W% ()
    KeyCode_W% = 18
End Function

Function KeyCode_E% ()
    KeyCode_E% = 19
End Function

Function KeyCode_R% ()
    KeyCode_R% = 20
End Function

Function KeyCode_T% ()
    KeyCode_T% = 21
End Function

Function KeyCode_Y% ()
    KeyCode_Y% = 22
End Function

Function KeyCode_U% ()
    KeyCode_U% = 23
End Function

Function KeyCode_I% ()
    KeyCode_I% = 24
End Function

Function KeyCode_O% ()
    KeyCode_O% = 25
End Function

Function KeyCode_P% ()
    KeyCode_P% = 26
End Function

Function KeyCode_BracketLeft% ()
    KeyCode_BracketLeft% = 27
End Function

Function KeyCode_BracketRight% ()
    KeyCode_BracketRight% = 28
End Function

Function KeyCode_Backslash% ()
    KeyCode_Backslash% = 44
End Function

Function KeyCode_CapsLock% ()
    KeyCode_CapsLock% = 59
End Function

Function KeyCode_A% ()
    KeyCode_A% = 31
End Function

Function KeyCode_S% ()
    KeyCode_S% = 32
End Function

Function KeyCode_D% ()
    KeyCode_D% = 33
End Function

Function KeyCode_F% ()
    KeyCode_F% = 34
End Function

Function KeyCode_G% ()
    KeyCode_G% = 35
End Function

Function KeyCode_H% ()
    KeyCode_H% = 36
End Function

Function KeyCode_J% ()
    KeyCode_J% = 37
End Function

Function KeyCode_K% ()
    KeyCode_K% = 38
End Function

Function KeyCode_L% ()
    KeyCode_L% = 39
End Function

Function KeyCode_Semicolon% ()
    KeyCode_Semicolon% = 40
End Function

Function KeyCode_Apostrophe% ()
    KeyCode_Apostrophe% = 41
End Function

Function KeyCode_Enter% ()
    KeyCode_Enter% = 29
End Function

Function KeyCode_ShiftLeft% ()
    KeyCode_ShiftLeft% = 43
End Function

Function KeyCode_Z% ()
    KeyCode_Z% = 45
End Function

Function KeyCode_X% ()
    KeyCode_X% = 46
End Function

Function KeyCode_C% ()
    KeyCode_C% = 47
End Function

Function KeyCode_V% ()
    KeyCode_V% = 48
End Function

Function KeyCode_B% ()
    KeyCode_B% = 49
End Function

Function KeyCode_N% ()
    KeyCode_N% = 50
End Function

Function KeyCode_M% ()
    KeyCode_M% = 51
End Function

Function KeyCode_Comma% ()
    KeyCode_Comma% = 52
End Function

Function KeyCode_Period% ()
    KeyCode_Period% = 53
End Function

Function KeyCode_Slash% ()
    KeyCode_Slash% = 54
End Function

Function KeyCode_ShiftRight% ()
    KeyCode_ShiftRight% = 55
End Function

Function KeyCode_Up% ()
    KeyCode_Up% = 329
End Function

Function KeyCode_Left% ()
    KeyCode_Left% = 332
End Function

Function KeyCode_Down% ()
    KeyCode_Down% = 337
End Function

Function KeyCode_Right% ()
    KeyCode_Right% = 334
End Function

Function KeyCode_CtrlLeft% ()
    KeyCode_CtrlLeft% = 30
End Function

Function KeyCode_WinLeft% ()
    KeyCode_WinLeft% = 348
End Function

' _KEYHIT CODE NOT _BUTTON CODE
Function KeyCode_AltLeft% ()
    KeyCode_AltLeft% = -30764
End Function

Function KeyCode_Spacebar% ()
    KeyCode_Spacebar% = 58
End Function

' _KEYHIT CODE NOT _BUTTON CODE
Function KeyCode_AltRight% ()
    KeyCode_AltRight% = -30765
End Function

Function KeyCode_WinRight% ()
    KeyCode_WinRight% = 349
End Function

Function KeyCode_Menu% ()
    KeyCode_Menu% = 350
End Function

Function KeyCode_CtrlRight% ()
    KeyCode_CtrlRight% = 286
End Function

' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
' END KEYBOARD CODE FUNCTIONS
' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
' BEGIN COLOR FUNCTIONS
' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

' NOTE: these are mostly negative numbers
'       and have to be forced to positive
'       when stored in the dictionary
'       (only cEmpty should be negative)

Function cRed~& ()
    cRed = _RGB32(255, 0, 0)
End Function

Function cOrangeRed~& ()
    cOrangeRed = _RGB32(255, 69, 0)
End Function ' cOrangeRed~&

Function cDarkOrange~& ()
    cDarkOrange = _RGB32(255, 140, 0)
End Function ' cDarkOrange~&

Function cOrange~& ()
    cOrange = _RGB32(255, 165, 0)
End Function ' cOrange~&

Function cGold~& ()
    cGold = _RGB32(255, 215, 0)
End Function ' cGold~&

Function cYellow~& ()
    cYellow = _RGB32(255, 255, 0)
End Function ' cYellow~&

' LONG-HAIRED FRIENDS OF JESUS OR NOT,
' THIS IS NOT YELLOW ENOUGH (TOO CLOSE TO LIME)
' TO USE FOR OUR COMPLEX RAINBOW SEQUENCE:
Function cChartreuse~& ()
    cChartreuse = _RGB32(127, 255, 0)
End Function ' cChartreuse~&

' WE SUBSTITUTE THIS CSS3 COLOR FOR INBETWEEN LIME AND YELLOW:
Function cOliveDrab1~& ()
    cOliveDrab1 = _RGB32(192, 255, 62)
End Function ' cOliveDrab1~&

Function cLime~& ()
    cLime = _RGB32(0, 255, 0)
End Function ' cLime~&

Function cMediumSpringGreen~& ()
    cMediumSpringGreen = _RGB32(0, 250, 154)
End Function ' cMediumSpringGreen~&

Function cCyan~& ()
    cCyan = _RGB32(0, 255, 255)
End Function ' cCyan~&

Function cDeepSkyBlue~& ()
    cDeepSkyBlue = _RGB32(0, 191, 255)
End Function ' cDeepSkyBlue~&

Function cDodgerBlue~& ()
    cDodgerBlue = _RGB32(30, 144, 255)
End Function ' cDodgerBlue~&

Function cSeaBlue~& ()
    cSeaBlue = _RGB32(0, 64, 255)
End Function ' cSeaBlue~&

Function cBlue~& ()
    cBlue = _RGB32(0, 0, 255)
End Function ' cBlue~&

Function cBluePurple~& ()
    cBluePurple = _RGB32(64, 0, 255)
End Function ' cBluePurple~&

Function cDeepPurple~& ()
    cDeepPurple = _RGB32(96, 0, 255)
End Function ' cDeepPurple~&

Function cPurple~& ()
    cPurple = _RGB32(128, 0, 255)
End Function ' cPurple~&

Function cPurpleRed~& ()
    cPurpleRed = _RGB32(128, 0, 192)
End Function ' cPurpleRed~&

Function cDarkRed~& ()
    cDarkRed = _RGB32(160, 0, 64)
End Function ' cDarkRed~&

Function cBrickRed~& ()
    cBrickRed = _RGB32(192, 0, 32)
End Function ' cBrickRed~&

Function cDarkGreen~& ()
    cDarkGreen = _RGB32(0, 100, 0)
End Function ' cDarkGreen~&

Function cGreen~& ()
    cGreen = _RGB32(0, 128, 0)
End Function ' cGreen~&

Function cOliveDrab~& ()
    cOliveDrab = _RGB32(107, 142, 35)
End Function ' cOliveDrab~&

Function cLightPink~& ()
    cLightPink = _RGB32(255, 182, 193)
End Function ' cLightPink~&

Function cHotPink~& ()
    cHotPink = _RGB32(255, 105, 180)
End Function ' cHotPink~&

Function cDeepPink~& ()
    cDeepPink = _RGB32(255, 20, 147)
End Function ' cDeepPink~&

Function cMagenta~& ()
    cMagenta = _RGB32(255, 0, 255)
End Function ' cMagenta~&

Function cBlack~& ()
    cBlack = _RGB32(0, 0, 0)
End Function ' cBlack~&

Function cDimGray~& ()
    cDimGray = _RGB32(105, 105, 105)
End Function ' cDimGray~&

Function cGray~& ()
    cGray = _RGB32(128, 128, 128)
End Function ' cGray~&

Function cDarkGray~& ()
    cDarkGray = _RGB32(169, 169, 169)
End Function ' cDarkGray~&

Function cSilver~& ()
    cSilver = _RGB32(192, 192, 192)
End Function ' cSilver~&

Function cLightGray~& ()
    cLightGray = _RGB32(211, 211, 211)
End Function ' cLightGray~&

Function cGainsboro~& ()
    cGainsboro = _RGB32(220, 220, 220)
End Function ' cGainsboro~&

Function cWhiteSmoke~& ()
    cWhiteSmoke = _RGB32(245, 245, 245)
End Function ' cWhiteSmoke~&

Function cWhite~& ()
    cWhite = _RGB32(255, 255, 255)
    'cWhite = _RGB32(254, 254, 254)
End Function ' cWhite~&

Function cDarkBrown~& ()
    cDarkBrown = _RGB32(128, 64, 0)
End Function ' cDarkBrown~&

Function cLightBrown~& ()
    cLightBrown = _RGB32(196, 96, 0)
End Function ' cLightBrown~&

Function cKhaki~& ()
    cKhaki = _RGB32(240, 230, 140)
End Function ' cKhaki~&

Function cEmpty~& ()
    'cEmpty~& = -1
    cEmpty = _RGB32(0, 0, 0, 0)
End Function ' cEmpty~&

' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
' END COLOR FUNCTIONS
' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
' #REFERENCE
' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

' SOME USEFUL STUFF FOR REFERENCE:

' Type Name               Type suffix symbol   Minimum value                  Maximum value                Size in Bytes
' ---------------------   ------------------   ----------------------------   --------------------------   -------------
' _BIT                    `                    -1                             0                            1/8
' _BIT * n                `n                   -128                           127                          n/8
' _UNSIGNED _BIT          ~`                   0                              1                            1/8
' _BYTE                   %%                   -128                           127                          1
' _UNSIGNED _BYTE         ~%%                  0                              255                          1
' INTEGER                 %                    -32,768                        32,767                       2
' _UNSIGNED INTEGER       ~%                   0                              65,535                       2
' LONG                    &                    -2,147,483,648                 2,147,483,647                4
' _UNSIGNED LONG          ~&                   0                              4,294,967,295                4
' _INTEGER64              &&                   -9,223,372,036,854,775,808     9,223,372,036,854,775,807    8
' _UNSIGNED _INTEGER64    ~&&                  0                              18,446,744,073,709,551,615   8
' SINGLE                  ! or none            -2.802597E-45                  +3.402823E+38                4
' DOUBLE                  #                    -4.490656458412465E-324        +1.797693134862310E+308      8
' _FLOAT                  ##                   -1.18E-4932                    +1.18E+4932                  32(10 used)
' _OFFSET                 %&                   -9,223,372,036,854,775,808     9,223,372,036,854,775,807    Use LEN
' _UNSIGNED _OFFSET       ~%&                  0                              18,446,744,073,709,551,615   Use LEN
' _MEM                    none                 combined memory variable type  N/A                          Use LEN

' div: int1% = num1% \ den1%
' mod: rem1% = num1% MOD den1%

' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
' @REFERENCE
' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

' #END
' ################################################################################################################################################################
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