CIRCLE

The CIRCLE statement is used in graphic SCREEN modes to create circles, arcs or ellipses.

Syntax

CIRCLE [[[STEP]]](column, row), radius%, [drawColor%][, startRadian!, stopRadian!] [, aspect!]

Parameters

• Can use STEP for relative coordinate moves from the previous graphic coordinates.
• Coordinates designate the center position of the circle. Can be partially drawn offscreen.
• radius% is an INTEGER value for half of the total circle diameter.
• drawColor% is any available color attribute in the SCREEN mode used.
• startRadian! and stopRadian! can be any SINGLE value from 0 to 2 * π to create partial circles or ellipses.
• aspect! SINGLE values of 0 to 1 affect the vertical height and values over 1 affect the horizontal width of an ellipse. Aspect = 1 is a normal circle.

Description

• When using aspect! the startRadian! and stopRadian! commas must be included even if not used.
• Radians move in a counter clockwise direction from 0 to 2 * π. Zero and 2 * π are the same circle radian at 3 o'clock.
• Negative radian values can be used to draw lines from the end of an arc or partial ellipse to the circle center.
• Commas after the drawColor% parameter are not required when creating a normal circle. drawColor% can also be omitted to use the last color used in a draw statement.
• The graphic cursor is set to the center of the program window on program start for STEP relative coordinates.
• CIRCLE can be used in any graphic screen mode, but cannot be used in the default screen mode 0 as it is text only.

Examples

Example 1: Finding when the mouse is inside of a circular area:

SCREEN 12 r& = 200 'radius change circle size and position here cx& = 320 'center x horizontal cy& = 240 'center y vertical DO i = _MOUSEINPUT x& = _MOUSEX y& = _MOUSEY xy& = ((x& - cx&) ^ 2) + ((y& - cy&) ^ 2) 'Pythagorean theorem IF r& ^ 2 >= xy& THEN CIRCLE (cx&, cy&), r&, 10 ELSE CIRCLE (cx&, cy&), r&, 12 LOOP UNTIL INKEY$ = CHR$(27) 'escape key exit

Explanation: The square of the circle radius will be greater than or equal to the sum of the square of the mouse coordinates minus the center position when the pointer is inside of the circle. In this example the circle color will change from red to green.

Example 2: Program illustrates how the CIRCLE command using a negative radian value can be used to create the hands of a clock.

CONST PI = 3.141593 'The mathematical value of PI to six places. You can also use QB64's native _PI. DIM clock(60) 'A dimensioned array to hold 60 radian points clockcount% = 15 'A counter to keep track of the radians '* Start at radian 2*PI and continue clockwise to radian 0 '* Since radian 2*PI points directly right, we need to start clockcount% '* at 15 (for 15 seconds). The FOR/NEXT loop counts backwards in increments '* of 60 giving us the 60 second clock points. These points are then stored '* in the dimensioned array clock() to be used later. '* FOR radian = 2 * PI TO 0 STEP -(2 * PI) / 60 clock(clockcount%) = radian clockcount% = clockcount% + 1 IF clockcount% = 61 THEN clockcount% = 1 NEXT radian '* Change to a graphics screen and draw the clock face SCREEN 7 CLS LOCATE 1, 1 COLOR 14, 0 PRINT "Ritchie's Clock" COLOR 9, 0 PRINT "Uses CIRCLE to" PRINT "draw hands!" COLOR 8, 0 CIRCLE (160, 100), 110, 8 'circle with radius of 110 and dark gray CIRCLE (160, 100), 102, 8 'circle with radius of 102 and dark gray PAINT (265, 100), 8, 8 'fill between the two dark gray circles with gray CIRCLE (160, 100), 110, 7 'circle with radius of 110 and light gray '* '* Get the current time from the QuickBASIC built in variable TIME$ '* Since TIME$ is a string, we need to extract the hours, minutes and '* seconds from it using LEFT$, RIGHT$ and MID$. Then, each of these '* extractions need to be converted to a numeric value using VAL and '* stored in their respective variables. '* seconds% = INT(VAL(RIGHT$(TIME$, 2))) 'extract seconds from TIME$ IF seconds% = 0 THEN seconds% = 60 'array counts 1 to 60 not 0 to 59 previoussecond% = seconds% 'hold current second for later use minutes% = INT(VAL(MID$(TIME$, 4, 2))) 'extract minutes from TIME$ IF minutes% = 0 THEN minutes% = 60 'array counts 1 to 60 not 0 to 59 previousminute% = minutes% 'hold current minute for later use hours% = INT(VAL(LEFT$(TIME$, 2))) 'extract hour from TIME$ IF hours% >= 12 THEN hours% = hours% - 12 'convert from military time IF hours% = 0 THEN hours% = 12 'count from 1 to 12 not 0 to 11 previoushour% = hours% 'hold current hour for later use '* '* Start of main program loop '* DO IF seconds% <> previoussecond% THEN 'has a second elapsed? LOCATE 22, 17 'print the time on the screen at PRINT TIME$; 'position 22, 17 '* Since a second has elapsed we need to erase the old second hand '* position and draw the new position CIRCLE (160, 100), 100, 0, -clock(previoussecond%), clock(previoussecond%) CIRCLE (160, 100), 100, 15, -clock(seconds%), clock(seconds%) previoussecond% = seconds% 'hold current second for later use IF minutes% <> previousminute% THEN 'has a minute elapsed? '* Since a minute has elapsed we need to erase the old hour hand position CIRCLE (160, 100), 90, 0, -clock(previousminute%), clock(previousminute%) previousminute% = minutes% 'hold current minute for later use END IF '* '* Draw the current minute hand position '* CIRCLE (160, 100), 90, 14, -clock(minutes%), clock(minutes%) IF hours% <> previoushour% THEN 'has an hour elapsed? '* Since an hour has elapsed we need to erase the old hour hand position CIRCLE (160, 100), 75, 0, -clock(previoushour% * 5), clock(previoushour% * 5) previoushour% = hours% 'hold current hour for later use END IF '* '* Draw the current hour hand position '* CIRCLE (160, 100), 75, 12, -clock(hours% * 5), clock(hours% * 5) END IF seconds% = VAL(RIGHT$(TIME$, 2)) 'extract time again and do all over IF seconds% = 0 THEN seconds% = 60 minutes% = VAL(MID$(TIME$, 4, 2)) IF minutes% = 0 THEN minutes% = 60 hours% = VAL(LEFT$(TIME$, 2)) IF hours% >= 12 THEN hours% = hours% - 12 IF hours% = 0 THEN hours% = 12 LOOP UNTIL INKEY$ <> "" 'stop program if user presses a key

code by Terry Ritchie

See also

• STEP, DRAW
• LINE, PSET, PRESET
• SCREEN, SCREEN (function)
• Alternative circle routine (member-contributed program)

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